The bacteria use reduced sulfur as an energy source for the fixation of carbon dioxide.
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria ( chemoautotrophs) thrive in the warm, sulfur-rich water surrounding these cracks. Water seeps into the cracks, is heated by magma within Earth’s mantle, becomes laden with hydrogen sulfide, and then rises back to the ocean floor. These vents result from volcanic activity and the movement of continental plates, which create cracks in the seafloor. The most unusual biological communities of all are those surrounding hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor. Trophic pyramid Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. It is broken down by microorganisms, and the microorganism-rich detritus is eaten by aquatic invertebrates, which are in turn eaten by vertebrates. Detritus is composed of leaves and other plant parts that fall into the water from surrounding terrestrial communities. Many freshwater streams have detritus rather than living plants as their energy base. There are some exceptions to this general plan. Zooplankton, such as krill, also play important roles, both as consumers of phytoplankton and as food for a wide variety of marine animals. The trophic structure of the ocean is built on plankton, specifically phytoplankton (flora that use carbon dioxide, release oxygen, and convert minerals to a form animals can use). In terrestrial communities, multicellular plants generally form the base of the pyramid, whereas in freshwater lakes a combination of multicellular plants and single-celled algae constitute the first trophic level. The organisms that make up the base level of the pyramid vary from community to community.
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